New challenges for social psychology in Brazil / Novos desafios para a psicologia social no Brasil

In this paper we analysed the variety of contemporary social psychological approaches in Brazil as part of a network and of a complex common scientific system. They mutually influence each other in different ways, according to intricate patterns of approach and avoidance, of confirming agreements in various ways and, of course, also accentuating disagreements. The paper suggests that such intervention could further a mutual discussion on the role that social psychologists could play or not in the process of societal change that characterizes the Brazilian society, and on how they eventually should or should not intervene in this change. In order to dynamize even more the social psychology community in Brazil, the idea of Summer Schools could be recommended.

Neste artigo analisamos a variedade das abordagens contemporâneas da psicologia social no Brasil como parte de uma rede e de um complexo sistema científico comum. Eles se influenciam mutuamente de diferentes maneiras, de acordo com intrincados padrões de aproximação e esquiva, confirmando acordos de vários tipos e, é claro, também acentuando as divergências. O artigo sugere que tal simpósio poderia promover uma discussão sobre o papel dos psicólogos sociais no processo de mudança social que caracteriza a sociedade brasileira e, eventualmente, como eles poderiam intervir nesta mudança. A fim de dinamizar ainda mais a comunidade da Psicologia Social no Brasil, a idéia de Escolas de Verão poderia ser recomendada.

Deux psychologies sociales marxistes dans l’Allemagne de l’époque du Mur de Berlin – Partie I: à l’Est / Two Marxist social psychologies in the Germany of the Berlin Wall epoch - Part I: the East

Cet article veut rendre compte d’une approche théorique qui a été élaborée dans la République Démocratique de l’Allemagne à l’époque du Mur de Berlin. Deux livres sont d’une grande importance pour leur présentation des principes théoriques qui y étaient empruntés au matérialisme dialectique ainsi que pour les rapports sur les recherches empiriques qui se sontinspirées de cette nouvelle construction théorique. La première édition du livre Einführung in die Marxistische Sozialpsychologie (Introduction à la Psychologie Sociale Marxiste) était publiée en 1966 par Hans Hiebsch et Martin Vorwerg. Les mêmes auteurs sont les éditeurs en 1979 d’un volume collectif Sozialpsychologie auquel ont collaboré onze de leurs collègues. Le présent article ne présente pas seulement les fondations théoriques de nature marxiste adoptées par lesauteurs de ces deux livres, il relate aussi leurs prises de position par rapport à la compatibilité ou incompatibilité de leurs nouvelles approches avec celles de traditions de recherche bien établiesen Amérique du Nord ou Europe Occidentale.

The aim of this article is to present the outlines of a theoretical approach that was initiated in the German Democratic Republic at the epoch of the Berlin Wall. Two books are especially important for their presentation of the theoretical principles that were borrowed frommaterial dialecticism and also for their reports on the empirical research that was effectuated in the new theoretical framework. The first edition of the book Einführung in die MarxistischeSozialpsychologie (Introducing Marxist Social Psychology) was published in 1966 and authored by Hans Hiebsch and Martin Vorwerg. The same authors edited in 1979 a collective book Sozialpsychologie in which participated also eleven more colleagues. The present article presents also the assessment by the authors about the compatibility or incompatibility of their new research approaches with well established social psychological approaches in North America andWestern Europe.

Deux psychologies sociales marxistes dans l’Allemagne de l’époque du Mur de Berlin – Partie II: à l’Ouest / Two Marxist social psychologies in the Germany of the Berlin Wall epoch - Part II: the West

Ce rapport veut décrire le cadre théorique initialement proposé par Klaus Holzkamp à Berlin Ouest à l’époque du Mur de Berlin dans son livre Kritische Psychologie paru en 1972. Cette psychologie critique est toujours en vogue comme l’atteste le livre récent de Morus Markard (2009) Einführung in die Kritische Psychologie (Introduction à la Psychologie Critique). Ce livrerécent procède à une revue exhaustive de toute la recherche effectuée dans le cadre de la théorie de Holzkamp. C’est la raison pour laquelle le présent rapport sur la théorie de Holzkamp et la recherche qui s’en inspire est principalement basé sur le livre de Markard. Les thèmes qui y sont abordés portent sur les liens entre l’origine de la Kritische Psychologie et la “révolte”estudiantine en 1968, la critique de réductionnisme expérimental, l’importance de la prise en considération de la vie quotidienne lors de la construction de théories en psychologie sociale, la nécessité de reconstruire la genèse et transformation des capacités psychologiques aussi bien au cours de l’histoire de l’humanité qu’au cours du développement individuel actuel dans différents contextes sociaux. Les implications méthodologiques de telles approches sont aussi abordées.

The aim of this article is to present the outlines of the theoretical approach that was initiated by Klaus Holzkamp in West Berlin at the epoch of the Berlin Wall in his 1972 book Kritische Psychologie. This critical psychology is still practiced as the recent book by Morus Markard (2009) Einführung in die Kritische Psychologie (Introducing Critical Psychology) attests. This book offers a very extensive review of all the relevant literature that was effectuated in theframe of Holzkamp’s theory. Hence this report on Holzkamp’s theory and on the research endeavors it initiated is mainly based on Markard’s book. Issues that are dealt with are the links between the origin of the theory and the students “revolt” of 1968, the criticism of experimental reductionism, the importance of everyday life concerns for formulating social psychologicaltheories, the necessity of re constructing the acquisition of psychological skills as well along thehistory of the human species as also across the various concrete settings of contemporary society in which individuals are nowadays confronted with new challenges. Methodological implications are also discussed.

Human rights: common meaning and differences in positioning

Direitos humanos são definidos como representações sociais normativas envoltas por definições jurídico-institucionais. Dados de pesquisa mostram que os direitos humanos podem ser estudados como representações sociais normativas sustentadas por um conhecimento comum que atravessa as culturas e por diferenças organizadas intra e inter-culturas. Experiências de conflito social e injustiça, crenças sobre a eficiência de vários atores sociais para fazer respeitar os direitos humanos e atitudes de tipo liberal ou coletivista atuam como importantes fatores na modulação individual dos posicionamentos no campo dos direitos humanos. Por outro lado, um uso etnocêntrico dos direitos humanos tem sido documentado e experimentalmente estudado. Em geral, eles enfocam a defesa dos direitos humanos por cidadãos dos países ocidentais, a qual se torna muito mais incisiva quando países não-ocidentais estão envolvidos, mesmo quando violações desses direitos, em seus próprios países, não são freqüentemente condenadas de modo severo.

Da psicologia social à psicologia societal / From social psychology to societal psychology

O principal fator que diferencia os psicólogos sociais, para além dos diferentes paradigmas científicos, é sua posiçäo em relaçäo à legitimidade e à necessidade de uma psicologia societal. O objetivo desta psicologia sempre foi o de articular explicaçöes no nível do indivíduo e explicaçöes de ordem social, mostrando como o indivíduo dispöe de processos que lhe permitem funcionar em sociedade e, de uma maneira complementar, como as dinâmicas sociais, particularmente interacionistas, posicionais ou de valores e de crenças gerais, orientam o funcionamento desses processos